At the heart of this year's negotiations was climate finance, with particular attention on the contentious discussions surrounding the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG). The NCQG is set to replace the current $100 billion annual commitment made in 2009 to support developing countries in their climate action efforts. This new goal must reflect the evolving financial needs of vulnerable nations as they cope with increasingly severe climate impacts, as well as support their transitions to low-carbon economies. The stakes are high, as many developing countries argue that previous commitments have been insufficient and often unmet. 

While financial support will be the central focus, the conference will also address the broader goals of climate action, including the integration of the outcomes from the Global Stocktake (GST) into the updated nationally determined contributions (NDCs) due in 2025. Discussions will cover pathways for reducing emissions, phasing out fossil fuels, expanding renewable energy, and improving energy efficiency, all of which require substantial financial backing.

The Wuppertal Institute has been observing the UN climate process from the beginning and will publish an assessment soon after the conference. At each conference, the Institute presents its research at side events and discusses effective ways of implementing the Paris Agreement.

The Wuppertal Institute publishes an analytical report after each COP. The reports published since 2001 can be downloaded below.

Further publications by the Wuppertal Institute on current international climate policy issues can be found on the global climate governance page.